雅思写作 · 小作文（Task 1）图表题结构与高分模板
本系列为雅思写作考前冲刺复习笔记，共两篇：（一）大作文 Task 2 · 四类题型结构与模板｜（二）小作文 Task 1（本文）。适用于 Academic 模块考生。
目录
- Overview 先行：小作文最重要的规则
- 四段式结构
- 正文段：数据怎么分组
- 词汇套件（趋势 / 比较 / 时间）
- 时态规则
- 完整范文一篇（逐段批注）
- 流程图与地图题变体
- 六类常见错误
- 配套资料
- 更多题型范文库（5 篇）
一、Overview 先行：小作文最重要的规则
小作文（Task 1）的时间只有 20 分钟，但拿分逻辑和大作文完全不同——它考的不是观点，是”有没有看出图表在说什么”。
评分维度里 Task Achievement 对小作文有明确门槛：
没有 overview（总览句）的文章，Task Achievement 最高只能到 5 分。
overview 是什么：用 2 句话说出整张图最重要的事实——总趋势、最大对比、最突出的特征。它不描述具体数字，只做”总结”。
- 折线图：整体是升是降？哪个国家/品类最高最低？
- 柱状图：最大的差距在哪？整体模式是什么？
- 饼图：占最大/最小份额的是谁？
- 表格：谁领先、谁垫底、总体模式？
一条实用的口诀：“我妈妈只看一眼这张图能记住的那两句话，就是 overview。”
overview 的位置：惯例放在开头（paraphrase）之后、正文段之前，或者放在结尾。建议放在开头后第二段——考官最先看到。
二、四段式结构
| 段落 | 内容 | 示例（2000–2015 两国人口变化折线图） |
|---|---|---|
| ① Intro | 改写题目（禁止抄原句） | The line graph shows how the populations of Vietnam and Japan changed between 2000 and 2015. |
| ② Overview | 2 句总览：总趋势 + 最大特征 | Overall, Vietnam’s population rose steadily, whereas Japan’s declined slightly. Vietnam overtook Japan in total population around 2008. |
| ③ Body 1 | 数据组 A | Vietnam 段：从 X 涨到 Y，分阶段描述 |
| ④ Body 2 | 数据组 B（或交叉对比） | Japan 段：缓降 + 与越南的对比 |
小作文不写结尾段——overview 就是它的结尾。也永远不写观点（“This is good for the economy” = 直接扣 Task Achievement 分）。
改写题目的三招
- 换动词：show → illustrate / compare / give information about
- 换名词：population → number of residents；expenditure → amount of money spent
- 换结构：The graph shows A between X and Y → The graph illustrates the changes that occurred in A over the period from X to Y
只换一个词也算改写，但改得越彻底，词汇分越高。注意：题目里的年份、国家名、专有名词不能改。
三、正文段：数据怎么分组
所有图表数据都不是”从头念到尾”，而是按特征分组，一组写一段：
- 同类归组：上升的放一起，下降的放一起；相似的放一起，特例单独讲。
- 对比归组：两组直接对比（一方升一方降）最有内容可写。
- 不平均归组：大头写 2–3 句，小头 1 句带过——与主要数据相比不重要的小数值可以直接省略（考官考察的就是你敢不敢取舍）。
每个正文段的内部逻辑：先给该组的总体特征，再挑 2–3 个代表数据点支撑（起始值、峰值、谷值、转折年份），不要把每个年份都报一遍——那叫”报数据”，是 6 分以下的写法。
四、词汇套件（趋势 / 比较 / 时间）
趋势：动词 + 名词
| 趋势 | 动词（过去式） | 名词 |
|---|---|---|
| 上升 | rose / increased / climbed / grew | a rise / an increase / growth |
| 大升 | surged / soared / rocketed | a surge / a sharp increase |
| 下降 | fell / declined / dropped / decreased | a fall / a decline / a drop |
| 大跌 | plummeted / plunged / halved | a sharp decline |
| 平稳 | remained stable / stayed flat / levelled off | stability / a plateau |
| 波动 | fluctuated / oscillated | fluctuation |
| 峰值/谷值 | peaked at / reached a low of | a peak of / a trough of |
程度副词（跟动词走）
rose sharply / dramatically / significantly / considerably / slightly / steadily / gradually
从小到大排：slightly → gradually → steadily → considerably → significantly → sharply → dramatically。永远别写 “increased a lot”——那是 5 分词汇。
比较框架
- roughly twice / three times as many … as …
- X, by contrast / meanwhile / whereas, remained stable
- compared with Y, X …
- X overtook / surpassed Y in [year]
- at just over / under X …
时间表达
- over the period / between 2000 and 2015 / from 2000 onwards
- during the first half of the decade / in the early 2000s
- 未来：is projected to / is expected to / is forecast to reach X
百分比与数量别混用
- “the percentage of X” = 比例；“the number of X” = 数量。两者不可互换（人口数可以说 fell，percentage 说 fell 则要看语境）。
五、时态规则
| 图表时间 | 时态 |
|---|---|
| 纯过去（2010–2015） | 一般过去式 |
| 过去 + 未来预测 | 过去用过去式，预测部分用 is projected / expected to |
| 无时间（如饼图静态构成） | 一般现在式 |
同义替换同样管用：同一趋势在不同段落换着说法写（rose → climbed → grew），考官统计你的替换量。
六、完整范文一篇（逐段批注）
题目：The graph below shows the number of international students in three universities in the UK between 2000 and 2015.
The line graph compares how many overseas students enrolled at three British universities—Oxford, Manchester and Leeds—from 2000 to 2015.（改写：shows→compares，universities 换具体校名并重组句式）
Overall, Oxford consistently attracted the largest number of international students throughout the period, while Leeds remained the smallest. Manchester, by contrast, experienced the most dramatic growth, overtaking Leeds around 2008 and narrowing the gap with Oxford by 2015.（overview：一句最突出事实 + 一句最大变化）
Oxford’s intake rose steadily from roughly 14,000 in 2000 to about 20,000 in 2015, a moderate increase of around 40% over the fifteen years. Leeds, meanwhile, stayed broadly flat at just under 10,000 students, dipping slightly in the middle of the period before recovering.（Body 1：稳定组——描述起点、终点、整体形态，挑 2–3 个点，不逐年报数）
The most striking pattern is found at Manchester. Beginning at only 8,000 students—the lowest of the three—its numbers climbed sharply after 2005 and reached approximately 18,000 by 2015, a rise of more than 100%. As a result, Manchester overtook Leeds in 2008 and came within 2,000 students of Oxford by the end of the period.（Body 2：变化最大的一组——起点低、增速猛、超越事件、逼近峰值，全部是”有故事”的数据点）
四个要点（自查清单）：
- 开头只改写，不抄题；
- overview 两句在第二段，无数字；
- 数据”讲重点”：每个 body 只挑有意义的点，给了百分比计算（40%、100%）体现分析；
- 时态统一过去式，同义词替换了 rose/ climbed/ overtook/ reached。
七、流程图与地图题变体
考到流程（process）或地图（map）时，结构不变，只是词汇换一套：
流程图：四段 = 改写 → overview（共几步、起点终点）→ 按阶段分组描述 → 收尾。
必备词：firstly / next / subsequently / at the same time（顺序副词）、the raw material is fed into…、被动语态全篇贯穿（the mixture is heated until it reaches 120°C）、this stage produces…。
地图题：重点不是”图上有啥”，而是**“什么变了、什么没变”**。
必备词：was demolished / replaced by / converted into / extended northwards / the new road was built alongside…、方位表达（in the north-east corner, adjacent to, to the west of）。overview 写”最大变化 + 保留不变的部分”。
这两类题型同义词压力小，拿分关键是结构和被动语态不出错。
八、六类常见错误
- 没有 overview——直接封顶 5 分（见第一节）。
- 抄写题目原句——算字数但不算分，LR 还被扣。
- 写观点——“This trend is beneficial…” 考官直接按 Task Achievement 扣分。
- “increased a lot” 式口语化表达——图表作文是半正式文体，用套件里的词。
- 报数式写作——把每个年份都念一遍，没有分组和取舍，Coherence 崩塌。
- 时态错误——过去的数据用一般现在时是最常见的硬伤。
九、配套资料
| 资料 | 链接 |
|---|---|
| 2026.9-12月小作文预测 | 腾讯文档 |
| 2026.9-12月大作文预测 | 腾讯文档 |
十、更多题型范文库（5 篇）
折线图范文见第六节。本节补齐柱状图、饼图、表格、流程图、地图题五篇，全部按”改写 → Overview → 分组正文”骨架写作。
柱状图 Bar chart（范文）
The chart below shows the percentage of households in five countries that owned at least one car in 2005 and 2015.
The bar chart compares the proportion of households owning at least one car in five countries in 2005 and 2015.
Overall, car ownership rose in every country over the decade, and the gap between the leading and trailing nations narrowed considerably. Germany remained the clear leader throughout, while India stayed at the bottom.
Germany started at roughly 78% and climbed to 86% by 2015. France and Japan followed a similar pattern, increasing from about 65% and 58% to 72% and 66% respectively, so that by the end of the period France had pulled level with Japan’s 2005 figure.
The most dramatic change occurred in India and Brazil, whose figures nearly doubled. Brazilian ownership rose from around 25% in 2005 to 45% a decade later, while India grew from a low base of just 8% to roughly 18%, the fastest relative increase of all five countries. Despite this, India’s level in 2015 was still below the starting points of Germany and France.
饼图 Pie chart（范文）
The pie charts below show the sources of energy used in one country in 2000 and 2025.
The two pie charts illustrate how one country’s energy supply was divided among different sources in 2000 and 2025.
Overall, the country shifted clearly away from fossil fuels: oil, which once supplied half of all energy, had been overtaken by renewables, the fastest-growing category, by 2025.
In 2000, the energy mix was dominated by oil at 50%, with coal providing a further 25% and gas 15%. Renewables and nuclear together accounted for the remaining 10%, split evenly between them.
By 2025 the picture had changed substantially. Oil’s share had fallen to 30%, while coal had been almost halved to 13%. Renewables grew more than threefold to 32%, making them the single largest source, and nuclear rose modestly to 8%. Gas remained the steadiest category, dipping only slightly from 15% to 12%.
表格 Table（范文）
The table below gives information about cinema attendance by age group in one European country in 2020 and 2024.
The table shows the percentage of people in four age groups who went to the cinema at least once a year in 2020 and 2024.
Overall, attendance rose across all age groups, and the pattern by age remained the same: younger adults attended most frequently in both years, while older people attended least.
The 18–24 group was the most regular cinema-goer, rising from 68% to 79%. The 25–39 group, which had the second-highest attendance, increased from 55% in 2020 to 61% four years later, a slower rate of growth than the youngest group.
The two older groups, by contrast, started from much lower levels. Among 40–59-year-olds attendance grew from 34% to 44%, and among those aged 60 and over it climbed from just 17% to 23%. In other words, although every generation attended more in 2024, the gap between the youngest and oldest viewers actually widened slightly.
流程图 Process（范文）
The diagram below shows how glass bottles are recycled.
The diagram illustrates the process by which used glass bottles are recycled and made ready for reuse.
Overall, the process is a closed loop of five main stages, beginning with the collection of used bottles and ending with new bottles returning to shops, ready to be used again.
The process starts when households and businesses place empty bottles in recycling bins. The bottles are then collected by lorry and taken to a treatment plant, where they are sorted by colour and cleaned, and any labels or metal caps are removed. Next, the clean glass is crushed into small pieces called cullet and loaded into a furnace, where it is heated until it melts at around 1500°C.
The molten glass is then shaped into new bottles in moulds, and once the bottles have cooled and been inspected for defects, they are packed and transported to supermarkets. When consumers buy and finish these bottles, the cycle begins again, which is why bottle recycling is described as a continuous rather than a one-off process.
地图题 Map（范文）
The maps below show a town centre in 2005 and at present.
The two maps compare the layout of a town centre in 2005 with its present arrangement.
Overall, the town centre has undergone a major transformation: an old industrial area in the south has been redeveloped as a leisure quarter, while the road network has been reorganised to restrict traffic in the centre.
In 2005, the centre consisted mainly of a high street running from east to west, lined with small shops and a post office, and an abandoned factory site to the south. A main road cut across the town centre, carrying traffic past the shops.
Today, several changes are visible. The high street has been converted into a pedestrian zone, with the post office retained and a new library added beside it. The factory site has been demolished and replaced by a park and a small shopping centre, connected to the high street by a new footbridge. Meanwhile, the main road has been rerouted around the edge of the town, freeing the centre from through-traffic, and a new car park has been built on the eastern side.
系列导航：本文为（二）小作文 Task 1。大作文 Task 2 的四类题型骨架、PEEL 公式与范文见系列（一）。
